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Bulletin No, 73 | i AgpeiL 20. 2925, 
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 


DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS 
James F, Woodward, Secretary 





BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
George H. Ashley, State Geologist 





al 


OIL AND GAS SANDS IN) THE NORTH HALF 
OF THE PITTSBURGH QUADRANGLE, PENNA, 


By 


M. E. Johnson 


This paper summarizes the results of a study to determine the 
depth, thickness and character of the oil and gas sands-‘encountered 
fowedts Ori licd in the city of Pittsburgh, anc in Plum, Penn, Patton, 
Wilkins,. Braddock, North Versailles, Mifflin, end Baldwin townships 
in Alleghcny County. Although this area lias been thtrovughly 

mnetured with drill-holes, and the Gepths to the prodvcing sands 

ave long been well known, little offcrt has been made to correlate 

the different sands or to determine how they change in short distances, 
The author collected and studied all obtuinabie records of wells 
@rillicd in this area and presents here his findings. 


To determine the depth of the various sands-below the Pittsburgh 
coal or its horizon, eaci recsrd was scrutinized, the interval between 
the top of the well and the horizcn cf the Pittsburgh coal (most of 
the wells were startcd stratipraphically below the Pittsburgh coal) 
determined by subtracting the elevation at the well mouth from the 
elevation of the Pittsburgh coal as shown on the structure sheet of 
the quadrangle, and this intcrval added to the depths to the sands 
mewrecordea by the drilicr. The intervals were computed for each 

. township, (except Braddock which was treated together with the city’ 
of Pittsburgh). Fair averages could not be given for smaller areas, 
and the townships are large enough to show the change in the average 
intervals from one to the nox. 


The following table fives the depths to the various sands, shows 
where they are usually productive, and indicates their correlation. 








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Average distance to "sands" and "markers" from base of Pittsburgh 
coal, in fect, with number of well records uscd in (). 

















Sands & Township or other arca: 
other — 
Strata cn- eee a ie “ Er _ where 
countercd s 338 Eu fi z ef z 8&5.  § comnon- 
& noted by] %& a oe = I ed 2 63>. & ly pro- 
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Upper » 645 632 638 625 628 630 617 630 £613 
Freeport PRP VERT SOCR} OE AI Bh Re oe Coil ohag 
Coal 
Upner 766 765 "58 742° 747 755 39 
Bantanne. (4)  {1) eA G0 aeimeaer es Ce eae 
Coul 
Middle Re pO ws PRR OS TIO) ee BOW AIS POR) RST 
meee «§69{50) (11) {29} CPP 145) (9) fAvus CA oat 2) 
Coal, 
Lowor 865 848 6845 847 843 S841 808 848 £838 
ew CAP Shot Sh hI Colao (She {2) 
Ogee 
Salt 1063 1045 1033 1010 1032 1029 1056 1041 1052 
Sand Ce) Ca) ETS Ph, 18) CS Lea PIB CI) OF} 
a Big Lime bd a b a a 5 a ¢ 
and catek 2109 J21e° LisoOr 1109 1174 2156 11463 
Peewee tS LSP Eas OTL) fle} 018) (11) 
Chunk). .+ee b b 
shale 1125 1140 
(2) (1) 
Big Injun -a ; a a: a a 
sand Pee RATE LITO IF L 2368) (L187) 1284° 3181. 1159 
a, Uppor (52) (16) (34) (14) (23) (36) (24) (9) (35) 
Split b d b b Aa 
b Lower 1312 1290 1338 1305 1289 
Split (44) Le eee O ie £3) (6) 
Squaw 1549 1575 1537 1519 1569 1543 1551 1524 1509 
sand a STN ey TOR OP G9 AES 22 AS GR ea =e 8 
Berea L776: 1660 1786 1777. 2786. 1762 W611 4767 #1761 = Peh. 
sand Petoe (bioitea 7) LB) hae) CB). (9). 087) 
Murrys- 1878 1864 1875 1871 1890.1697 1865 1872 1826 Bldwn. 
Weeee go, top) feo) (68): (16). 436) 447) (18) {18) (33) N.V¥er. 
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other 
Strata en- me te f £ 
countered wi ty ui) z an z S35 = Where 
& noted bys 22 52 é “ Ce ! aH > 2 commonly 
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2B tenons a 2 a a 4 oA eg Uae MBER 18 Bye 
az a 2 
memereda. 2007 2005 1999 2005 2023 2040 1985.:1997 1960 Baldwin 


med mde? 155) (41) (15) (38)  €47). (26). (7) (S1)>- Nae Vers 


for Plum 

Gantz } ; Patton 
Penn 

Fifty . £038 2017 

foot sd, (3) (13) 


meeeuy £1568 21435 21353 2107 2141 2148 2109 2136 2102 
meeeds, §«6f ot) 6 6(13) 6 6(39) (2) GE oe 8 Bie os Ea bia do he Ra lf (33) 


Snee 2183 2173 2173 2188 2217 2177 2182 Pem 
sand (3) a ae a ee Se (15). (15) (35) 


Boulder 2219 2210 2222 2207 2239 2280 2224 2216 2227 
weepcon (17) {11) (12) (3) (10) (9) 9) (4) {17) 


Stray) 

sand | 

Third 2280 2282 2278 2260 2312 2336 2281 2259 2274 Baldwin 

Ore. CLT) 09) 2290 07) (8) (379). Hest. fd) (36) 

Gordon : £309 ; 

sare. (4) 

Fourth 2345 2335 2351 2338 23572 2382 2354 2376 2343 1 

sand Pam tor, S00 "f6)) (ae) - (8) (26) {5) (ey) 
Penn 

Wilkins 

Fifth 2441 2432 2425 2401 2441 2448 2414 2437 2458 Penn 

meme © (73)- (20) 37) 15) ) (24) (23) 9 (15) (4) 9 (17). Patton 
Plum 
Mifflin 
Baldwin 

Sixth 2489 2499 2490 2446 2492 2517 2486 2485 2485 Patton 

sand CO (2d (IBN (299 (1S (BY MoCL}os (By. Baléwin 

Rai Oe ea al 2489 | phos 


Hliza, 2539 2533 2554 2544 2545 2581 2537 2517 2542 Patton 
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Speech, (46) (2) (2) (3) (3) (2) (13) Patton 
sand plum 
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Speech. (19) (2) (3) OATS Gag yr ot Bag a nn we Patton 
sand 
Tiona 3420 3417 
sand (9) (4) 
Shef- 3555 S607 3575 3535 3565 
fiela (7) (2) (1) (2) (5) 
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First poae .BO56 S791 2861 3881 
Bradfra. (6) (3) (2) (5) (i) 
sand 
Second 3900 3926 3946 4920 Plum 
Bradfrd. (15) (4) (3) Pas 
sand 


In determining the average intervals to the various sends it was 
found that some of the sands vary widely in their stratigraphic | 
position and others are quite constamt. It was expected that the 
Mauch Chunk red shale and the Catsxill red beads would be of great 
help in making correlations - yarticularly when the elevaticn of the 
well was lacking, or worse, when both the exact location and elevation, 
were unknown. Unfortunately this was not the case. Qhe Weuch Chunk 
red shale undoubtedly is missing in the stratigraphic section through- 
out much of the area under discussion and where present is so thin 
that in many wells the drillers did not notice it; The Catskill ~ 
red beds almost certainly uvderlie the whole area, but many Grillers 
do not recognize their valve as markers, and in many well records no 
mention is made of them. I% is hoped that in the future drillers will 
~ay more attention to these valuable markers. A third horizon at 
which red beds occur is below the Squaw sand‘and above the Berea. 
Since only a few records note these red beds, they are probably not 
of wide extent. 


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It will-be noted that nany of the intervals for Wilkins town- 
ship are smaller than the corresponding intervals for nearby town- 
Ships, This condition is attributable to the fact that the upper 
half of the Conemaugh formation is thinner here than in any other 
township in the region studied. On the other hand, the intervals 
in both Patton and North Versailles townships are ereater than the 
average. Re-checking the figures showed that this phenomenon is 
not due to mistakes in figuring the intervals; furthermore the same 
condition has been founc farther northeast, and also southwest. A 
possible explanation is that this thickening of the strata is due to 
the presence of the Murrysville anticline. The force which created 
the anticline might have caused a thickening of the strata in a 
manner similar to that shown in the illustrations of Bailey Willis’ 
article on "The Mechanics of Appalachian Structure."* It will he 
noted that in a majority of his experiments the increase in thickness 
due to lateral compression is greatest along the axis of the folds 
and that this effect is particularly pronounced where nost of the 
material used in the experiment is relatively soft, This latter con- 
dition would seem to hold in the region being discussed, as by far 
the greater part of the stratigraphic colurm there is composec of 
Shale. Fig, 1 is intended to show the condition of o block of the 
earth's crust before and after the earth movements which procuced 
the folds of the Appalachian region. 


Figure 1 





Wab" = "ed" but less than "ef" 


The same results can be obtained in an easy manner by exerting 
lateral pressure on the two edges of a thick, paper-bound book, 
providing that the greatest lateral movement takes place at the top. 
Unéer such conditions (and it seems probable that those conditions 
existed at the time of the formation of the Appalachian folds) a fold 
is produced which is thickest at its axis and thicker than the volume 
when flat, 


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aha hermit 65 





The thickening of the strata along the Murraysville anticline 
could also be explained if we assumed that the anticline occupied 
the ap»roximate position of that part of the Appalachian trough 
which received the greatest deposit of material eroded from the 

ancient Appalachian highlands. Until detailed cham have been 
made ot other Similar structures, it is thought unwise to hazard an 
Opinion as to the true cause for 7 vhe phenomenon descr ned, 


One other feature of the table which should be explained is the 
columm entitled "Where commonly productive." Nearly all of the 
sands below the Kittanning coals are productive at some point in the 
area under discussion; many of the lower sands are productive in 
several widely spread localities (of very restricted area) not 
mentioned in this column; the table gives oniy those areas where the 
Sands are commonly praductive., Of course, even in the areas menti s:ned 
the sands are dry in some welis, 


Description of "sands" and "markers,"* 


Gas sand. A name that crillers in Mifflin and Baldwin town- 
Ships, and farther south, apply most frequently to a sand about 
750-775 feet below the Pitts sburgh coal. The title apnears to be 
quite loosely applied to sands which oocur anywhere from 650 to 850 
feet below the Pittsburgh coal. The sand is unimportant and inthis 
ares never contains more than a puff of gas. Maximum thickness, 

80 feet; average, 40 feet, 





Pirst Salt sand, A term loosely applied by drillers, chierly 
in Baldwin and Mifflin Townships , to an unimportant sand. Depth to 
top of sand from base of Pittsburgh coal, 880 to 960 feet, 


| Second Salt sand. (simply Salt sand in most townships.) A 
more definite but relatively unimportant horizon, although it is 
occasionally productive in Baidwin and Mifflin townships. It 
becomes increasingly thinner and less important towards the north- 
east. Salt sand is so called because it commonly contains salt 
water, Typically it is a white, hard sand;-in some places itis 
re te by shale partings. Max cimun thickness, 60 feet; average, 40 
eet. 


Big Lime. An important marker in Baldwin, Mifflin and North 
Versailles townshinvs, Thins ravidly towards the north. The great 
thickness (as much as 55 fees) given in some well records is not 
believed to be one solid bed of limestone, but rather several 
relatively thin limestone layers interbedded with cla 4y and shale, 


Mauch Chunk red shale. Occasionally noted in Penn and Plum 
townships; apparently lacking elsewhere. Maximum thiclkmess, 40 feet, 





A ES PSE SEE EN AN EEES ~ ectieaties <nememnstacet 


*These descriptions apply only to the area under discussion, 






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Big Injun sand, An important horizon. A massive sandstone 
‘With a minimum thickness of over 200 feet which is usually revorted 
as a Single unbroken stratum in Penn, Baldwin and Mifflin townships. 
Hilsewhere it is split by relatively thin shale beds into two or 
three thick sandstone beds. The sand is usually light colored and 
of medium hardness, In many places (more particularly in the south- 
west) it contains a small quantity of gas, and is frequently water- 
bearing. The importance of the Big Injun sand is more as a marker 
for the drillers, than for the amount of gas it contains. It is 
readily recognized by its great thickness, 


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a fairly constant horizon. The sand is usually gray to white, hard 
and dry. It is economically unimportant. Maximum thickness, 150 
feet; average, 70 feet. 


Berea sand. The unusually short interval to this sand'in the 
northern part of Penn township determined from drill records, is 
thought to be due to the disappearance of the true Berea sand. The 
sand recorded as Berea at about 1630 feet is probably a split of the 
oquaw. A sand at 1775 feet below the Pittsburgh coal is noted in 
one welli-record and vrobably represents the true. Berea. The sand 
contains both gas and water in the Duquesne syncline but elsewhere 
is usually dry or contains water only. Several weils in Penn town- 
Ship got water and small quantities of gas in this sand. The color 
is variously reported as dark, gray or white. The sand is usually 
reported as hard and tight. In Baldwin township, where it is most 
persistent, it averages about 40 feet thick. 


liurraysville sand. Although gas is often round in this sand, 
it frequently is accompanied by water, and wells which start with 
an initial production of over a million cubic feet are drowned out 
within a few days or weeks, The formation is usually soft to medium 
hard, light gray to white in color and ranges in thickness from 60 
to 150 feet, averaging slightly over 100 feet. The sand is quite 
regular in most of the townships but towards the west changes 
rapidly from a massive sandstone to a sandy shale which is reported 
by drillers only as slate and shells. The interval to the top of the 
sand decreases westward and also, but less, to the north. Toward the 
southwest the sand is apt to be broken and split into two or more 
parts by shale and limestone beds. 


Hundred-foot sand. A prolific sand. Of greatest importance 
in Plum township where oil has been obtained from it for many years. 
Contains gas in large quantities in several different localities. 

It is most regular and thickest (maximum, 145 feet; average, 110 
feet) towards the east and northeast. Towards the west the sand is 
broken and split by shale beds. It commonly is water-bearing, but 
the water and gas may be separated by a cementing of the sand or a 
thin shale parting so that by careful drilling a well can be success- 
fully brought in without danger from water. The sand is typically 

a white, medium-grained to coarse sandstone of moderate hardness. 
Occasionally it is reported as gray or dark, 


Pifty-foot sand, A split of the Hundred-~foot sand. See ahove. 
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Thirty-foot sand. Relatively unimportant. Recorded:as found 
in only about one out of three wells in Plum, Patton, Penn, Wilkins 
and North Versailles townships. Towards the west it is more per- 
Sistent. In Baldwin and Mifflin townships it is locally productive, 
One or two wells in Patton and Fenn townships have also found paying 
quantities of gas in this sand. It is typically a hard, tight sand 
which varies considerably in thickness but is usually less than 50 
feet. Commonly it is dry. 


Catskill red beds, Red shale often occurs close beneath the 
Thirty-foot sand, but according to the well records at hand, the 
position of the first red bed is by no means constant. Apparently 
the first red bed may occur anywhere from 2080 to 2200 feet beneath 
the Pittsburgh coal, There is a fairly constant increase in the 
interval to the first red beds from west to east. (See also previous 
discussion.) 


Snee sand. Unimportant. Like the Thirty-foot, it is most 
persistent in Baldwin and Mifflin townships. It is productive only 
in the Blackadore Ave, pool just east of the Pittsburgh city limits. 
Here it attains its maximum thickness (65 feet), Ordinarily the 
sand is light-colored, hard, dry and less than 30 feet thick. 


Boulder (Gordon Stray) sand, A thin, unimportant sand which 
is usualiy hard, dry and barren of either oil or gas. It is most 
persistent in Baldwin township but even there is not recorded in the 
records of half the wells drilled. This sand and the two just above 
are so close together that it is difficult to correlate them. The 
fact that in some areas they unite and in others they disappear, 
does not make the task any easier. The sand usually is red. Its 
maximum thickness is about 20 feet, 





Third or Gordon sand. Although a more constant horizon than 
either the Boulder or Snee sands, this sand also is relatively thin 
and unimportant, It is productive in part of Baldwin township and 
in a few scattered spots in other townships. Mostly it is barren of 
both gas and water. The sand apparently is split underneath the 
city of Pittsburgh and the immediate vicinity. It is usually red 
and hard. Maximum thickness, 40 feet; average, 16 feet. 


Fourth sand. Gas has been obtained from this sand in paying 
uantities in every township included in this study. In two of them 
Patton and Plum) however, only one or two wells got more than-a 

show of gas. In the western part of the area under discussion, the 
sand is usually described as white and of medium hardness. Elsewhere 
it is red and apt to be hard. It varies in thickness from 0 to 50 
‘feet, averaging about 30 feet. The stratigraphic position is fairly 
constant within township limits. This and all lower sands are usually 
free of water except where it has been let in by abandoned and 
‘improverly plugged welis,. 


Fifth sand. Although productive over a smaller area than the 
Fourth sand, this sand undoubtedly has producec more gas than any 
sand above it save perhaps the Hundred-foot. In both Penn and Plun 
- townships it is the chief producing (gas) sand. It is more regular 


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than the #ourth sand and averages about 5 feet thicker. It is 
usually found just below the Catskill red beds although occasionally 
a rec bed is reported below it, Where productive the sand is open, 
light colored and of medium hardness, Elsewhere it is hard and gray. 
Like many of the sands already described, it thins and disappears 
towards the west. 


Sixth sand, As shown by the table, this sand is not per- 
Sistent except in Plum, Patton and N. Versailles townships, It is 
not important even there. Usually it is thin (less than 30 feet) 
and it may range in color from dark to white. In Plum and Patton 
townships it occasionally contains "shows" of oil. 


Elizabeth sand. This gand is also most persistent in Plun, 
Patton and North Versailles townships and attains its greatest 
importance along the Murraysville anticline. In the western town- 
Ships usually it is either missing or very thin. Its color ranges 
from dark to white, and the texture from fine and hard, to medium 
and moderately soft, It occasionally contains small "shows" of oil 

.and in Patton township one small pool was developed. In the latier 
township it attains a maximum thickness of 40 feet, but averages 
only 18 feet. 





Between the Llizabeth and First Speechley sands there is no 
sand of sufficient importance or persistence to warrant describing 
it. Such sands as are reported are usually thin and dark-colored. 
No production has been reported from any of them. 


Pirst Speechley sand, This sand has a typical chocolate color, 
usually, and where productive is of medium hardness. Considerable 
Oil, as well as gas, has been obtained from it in Plum township 
where it is quite regular in its occurrence and is of maximum thick- 
ness (30 feet) and importance, Lesser quantities of gas have been 
obtained from it in Patton and Baldwin townships. Except in Plum 
township the sand is apt to be irregular. It thins rapidly towards 
the south and west and in many places is missing. 


Second Speechley sand. This sand is of chief importance along 
the Murrysville anticline. In North Versailles and Patton townships 
it is one of the chief producing sands, South or the area under dis- 
eussion a very prolific pool was developed in this sand near Mckees- 
port. In North Versailles township it attains a maximum thickness 
of about 50 feet. The gas is usually found near the bottom of the 
sand. Where it is productive the sand is dark and medium grained. 
Mhere dry it may be light-colored or white. The interval to the sand 
is fairly constant within small areas but decreases gradually towards 
the west, It also is less persistent in that direction. 


Between the Second Speechley and the Bradford group of sands is 
a thick series of vari-colored shales with occasional unimportant and 
non-persistent gand strata. 


Bradford sands. The sands of this group are quite irregular, 
their thickness and stratigranhic position changing considerably 
within short distances. They are most persistent and have been found 


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to contain gas only in the eastern part of the area under discussion, 
In that district they vary in thickness from 0 to 80 feet, the 
average thickness being about 30 feet. Where productive they are 
dark-colored, open-grained and fairly soft. Toward the west they 
thin rapidly and disappear. The deepest producing horizon yet found 
in any well in this area is that encountered by the T. W. Phillips 
Gas & O11 Co. No. 2 well on the Thos. FE. Mallissee farm in Plum town-~ 
Ship. Gas is obtained in this well at a depth of 3980 feet below the 
Pittsburgh coal. Deeper drilling so far has failed to find gas in 
lower sands. This is no proof that a lower producing horizon might 
not be found, as only a few wells have reached a depth of 4000 feet 
below the coal. 


Conclusion, It will be noticed that in the above descriptions 
continual reference was made to the thinning of the sands in a westerly 
direction. This tendency is quite marked. Provided the original 
Supyliv of gas was the same in all parts of the area under considera~ 
tion, the greater percentage of sand towards the east would certainly 
provide increased opportunity for the storage of the gas and a 
generalization might safely be hazarded that the opportunity of 
tapping new gas pools is best in that direction. 


In conclusion the author expresses the hope that this paper will 
be useful to overators and drillers in the district discussed. The 
correlations made are based on all the data at present available and 
are correct within the area studied, Anyone who finds an apparent 
error or disagrees with the figures or statements is invited to 
communicate with the author. 


Drillers shonld not accept the table incorporated in this report 
as representative of every hole. It cannot be, and is meant to be 
used only as a guide. In drilling a well, all coals, red beds, sands 
and limestones should be recorded, regardless of whether they fit in 
with the table. 


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